Continuing Bonds in grieving men: A comparative description of Costa Rica and Spain.

Continuing Bonds among grieving men from Costa Rica and Spain were compared, with the primary hypothesis that there would be significant differences between the two groups. A descriptive, comparative, and cross-sectional research study was conducted. Non-probability and convenience sampling was employed, involving 227 grieving men who completed an online questionnaire comprising sociodemographic data, mediators of mourning, and the Continuing Bonds Scale. The results did not reveal significant differences in Continuing Bonds expressions. However, upon controlling for the interaction between degree of kinship with the deceased person, notable differences emerged in Continuing Bonds and internalized and externalized Continuing Bonds (p < 0.05). The influence of sociocultural factors in each country on Continuing Bonds expressions is considered. The findings could support the development of strategies centered on grieving men, Continuing Bonds, and their specific needs.

Continuidad de vínculos en hombres que experiencian duelo por un ser querido / Continuing bonds in men grieving a loved one / Manutenção de vínculos em homens em luto por um ente querido

Objetivo: examinar la continuidad de vínculos interna y externa en hombres que experiencian duelo por un ser querido. Método: estudio correlacional, descriptivo y transversal. Muestra a conveniencia de 170 hombres dolientes. Las variables fueron mediadores del duelo, continuidad de vínculos y datos sociodemográficos. Se utilizó un cuestionario en línea compuesto por mediadores de duelo, escala de continuidad de vínculos y datos sociodemográficos. Se empleó estadística descriptiva, análisis de varianza y coeficiente de Spearman. El nivel de significancia correspondió a p<0,05. Resultados: la media de edad de los participantes fue de 36,61 años (DE=13,40), y el 80,00% tenía educación superior. Los valores medios de continuidad de vínculos interna y externa fueron 24,85 (DE=7,93) y 7,68 (DE=2,33), respectivamente. Se establecieron diferencias significativas referentes a la continuidad de vínculos interna y externa entre parentesco de la persona fallecida (p<0,001), y ninguna con la causa de muerte o con el tiempo transcurrido desde el fallecimiento. No se precisaron correlaciones significativas entre continuidad de vínculos interna/externa y mediadores del duelo. Conclusión: los hombres dolientes expresan la continuidad de vínculos interna de manera frecuente y la externa en ocasiones, con diferencias respecto a quién era la persona fallecida. La Enfermería podría diseñar estrategias específicas que fortalezcan el afrontamiento del duelo en este grupo.

Objective: to examine internalized and externalized continuing bonds in men grieving a loved one. Method: a correlational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Convenience sample comprised by 170 mourning men. The variables were mediators of mourning, continuing bonds and sociodemographic data. The instrument used was an online questionnaire comprised by mediators of mourning, a continuing bonds scale and sociodemographic data. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and Spearman's coefficient were used. The significance level adopted was p<0.05. Results: the participants' mean age was 36.61 years old (SD=13.40), and 80.00% had Higher Education. The mean values corresponding to internalized and externalized continuing bonds were 24.85 (SD=7.93) and 7.68 (SD=2.33), respectively. Significant differences were established referring to internalized and externalized continuing bonds in terms of kinship with the deceased person (p<0.001), and none with the cause of death or with the time elapsed since the event. No significant correlations were defined between internalized/externalized continuing bonds and mediators of mourning. Conclusion: grieving men express internalized and externalized continuing bonds frequently and occasionally, respectively, with differences according to who the deceased person was. The Nursing discipline might devise specific strategies that strengthen coping with grief in this population group.

Objetivo: examinar a manutenção de vínculos interna e externa em homens vivenciando o luto por um ser querido. Método: estudo correlacional, descritivo e de corte transversal. Amostra de conveniência de 170 homens em luto. As variáveis foram: mediadores do luto, manutenção de vínculos e dados sociodemográficos. Utilizou-se um questionário online composto por mediadores de luto, escala de manutenção de vínculos e dados sociodemográficos. Empregou-se estatística descritiva, análise de variância e coeficiente de Spearman. Nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados: os participantes tinham uma média de idade de 36,61 anos (DP=13,40) e 80,00% tinham ensino superior. A média de manutenção interna dos vínculos foi de 24,85 (DP=7,93) e a de manutenção externa foi de 7,68 (DP=2,33). Foram estabelecidas diferenças significativas para a manutenção dos vínculos internos e externos entre os parentes do falecido (p<0,001), nenhuma com a causa da morte ou o tempo decorrido desde a morte. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre a manutenção dos vínculos internos e externos e os mediadores do luto. Conclusão: os homens em luto expressaram a manutenção interna dos vínculos com frequência e a manutenção externa dos vínculos ocasionalmente, com diferenças a respeito de quem era a pessoa falecida. A enfermagem poderia criar estratégias específicas para fortalecer o enfrentamento do luto nesse grupo.

Continuing bonds in men grieving a loved one. / Continuidad de vínculos en hombres que experiencian duelo por un ser querido.

OBJECTIVE: to examine internalized and externalized continuing bonds in men grieving a loved one. METHOD: a correlational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Convenience sample comprised by 170 mourning men. The variables were mediators of mourning, continuing bonds and sociodemographic data. The instrument used was an online questionnaire comprised by mediators of mourning, a continuing bonds scale and sociodemographic data. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and Spearman's coefficient were used. The significance level adopted was p<0.05. RESULTS: the participants' mean age was 36.61 years old (SD=13.40), and 80.00% had Higher Education. The mean values corresponding to internalized and externalized continuing bonds were 24.85 (SD=7.93) and 7.68 (SD=2.33), respectively. Significant differences were established referring to internalized and externalized continuing bonds in terms of kinship with the deceased person (p<0.001), and none with the cause of death or with the time elapsed since the event. No significant correlations were defined between internalized/externalized continuing bonds and mediators of mourning. CONCLUSION: grieving men express internalized and externalized continuing bonds frequently and occasionally, respectively, with differences according to who the deceased person was. The Nursing discipline might devise specific strategies that strengthen coping with grief in this population group. (1) It was usual to continue the bond with the deceased loved one. (2) The expression of internalized continuing bonds was frequent after the death. (3) When facing the loss, there was occasional expression of externalized continuing bonds. (4) There were differences in internalized and externalized continuing bonds according to kinship. (5) There were no associations between continuing bonds and mediators of mourning.

Continuidad de vínculos, hombres y mujeres en duelo por un ser querido: un análisis secundario / Continuing bonds, men, and women in bereavement: A secondary analysis

Introducción: El duelo es una respuesta compleja ante la pérdida de un ser querido que exhibe diferentes rutas para su ajuste, la continuidad de vínculos forma parte de su naturaleza. Objetivo: Analizar la experiencia de duelo por un ser querido en hombres y mujeres relacionada a percepción de cercanía con la persona fallecida, continuidad de vínculos y diagnósticos de Enfermería. Materiales y Métodos: Análisis secundario. Muestra a conveniencia de 251 dolientes, adultos, residentes de Canarias, hispanohablantes. Recolección con encuesta en línea compuesta por características sociodemográficas y de salud, y relacionadas con la pérdida, Escala de inclusión del otro en el yo, Escala de Continuidad de Vínculos y diagnósticos de Enfermería. Se utilizó análisis descriptivo, U de Mann-Whitney, coeficiente de Spearman. Nivel de significancia p<0,05. Resultados: Edad media de 45,09 años ±10,38. Un 22,70% (57) fue hombre, 77,30% (194) mujer. Se identificaron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en percepción de cercanía con el fallecido (p<0,05), y relaciones significativas entre percepción de cercanía con el fallecido, continuidad de vínculos y diagnósticos de Enfermería (p=0,001). Discusión: Al confrontar los resultados con otros estudios se presentan algunas consistencias y diferencias en el comportamiento de las variables demostrando el dinamismo del fenómeno. Conclusiones: Para este grupo de participantes, la experiencia de duelo no estaría ligada a construcciones sociales de género si no que contesta a una respuesta de afrontamiento según sus necesidades. La comprensión del proceso de duelo permite a la Enfermería de Salud Mental implementar acciones fundamentadas en el Proceso de Enfermería.

Introduction: Grief is a complex response to the loss of a loved one with different ways of adjustment, and Continuing Bonds are part of its nature. Objective: To analyze men's and women's experiences of grief in terms of perception of closeness to the deceased, Continuing Bonds, and Nursing diagnoses. Materials and Methods: Secondary analysis. A convenience sample of 251 Spanish-speaking adult mourners, residents of the Canary Islands, was used. Data was collected via an online survey consisting of socio-demographic, health, and loss-related characteristics, the Inclusion of Other in the Self scale, the Continuing Bonds Scale, and Nursing diagnoses. Descriptive analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman's coefficient were used. Level of significance p<0.05. Results: The mean age was 45.09 years ±10.38 years; 22.70% (57) were male, and 77.30% (194) were female. Significant differences were found between men and women in the perception of closeness to the deceased (p<0.05), and significant relationships were found between the perception of closeness to the deceased, Continuing Bonds, and Nursing diagnoses (p=0.001). Discussion: A comparison of the results with other studies shows some consistencies and differences in the behavior of the variables, demonstrating the dynamism of the phenomenon. Conclusions: For this group of participants, the experience of grief would not be linked to social constructions of gender but instead respond to a coping response according to their needs. Understanding the grieving process allows Mental Health Nursing to implement interventions based on the Nursing Process.

Introdução: O luto é uma resposta complexa à perda de um ente querido que apresenta diferentes caminhos de ajustamento, a continuidade dos laços faz parte da sua natureza. Objetivo: Analisar a vivência do luto por um ente querido em homens e mulheres relacionada à percepção de proximidade com a pessoa falecida, continuidade de vínculos e diagnósticos de Enfermagem. Materiais e Métodos: Análise secundária. Amostra para conveniência de 251 enlutados, adultos, residentes nas Ilhas Canárias, falantes de espanhol. Coleção com inquérito online composto por características sociodemográficas e de saúde, e relacionadas à perda, Escala de inclusão do outro no eu, Escala de Continuidade de Vínculos e diagnósticos de Enfermagem. Foram utilizadas análise descritiva, U de Mann-Whitney, coeficiente de Spearman. Nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados: Idade média de 45,09 anos ±10,38. 22,70% (57) eram homens, 77,30% (194) eram mulheres. Foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres na percepção de proximidade com o falecido (p<0,05), e relações significativas entre percepção de proximidade com o falecido, continuidade de vínculos e diagnósticos de Enfermagem (p=0,001). Discussão: Ao comparar os resultados com outros estudos, apresentam-se algumas consistências e diferenças no comportamento das variáveis, demonstrando o dinamismo do fenômeno. Conclusões: Para este grupo de participantes, a vivência do luto não estaria ligada a construções sociais de género, mas responde a uma resposta de enfrentamento de acordo com as suas necessidades. A compreensão do processo de luto permite à Enfermagem em Saúde Mental implementar ações pautadas no Processo de Enfermagem.

Continuidad de vínculos con el ser querido fallecido y los cuidados de Enfermería de Salud Mental según el Modelo Tidal / Continuing bonds with the deceased loved one and Mental Health Nursing care from the perspective of the Tidal Model

El objetivo principal es analizar de qué manera el Modelo Tidal favorece la reconstrucción de significados en el duelo como continuidad de vínculos. El duelo es un proceso complejo que tiene componentes naturales y construidos, en ocasiones, las personas dolientes validan la continuidad de vínculos con la persona fallecida por medio de la organización de las autonarrativas. El manejo de este fenómeno es interdisciplinario donde destaca la Enfermería de Salud Mental orientada por el Modelo Tidal el cual se apoya en la historia personal para la reconstrucción de los significados tras la muerte de un ser querido favoreciendo la adaptación a través del cuidado. Conclusión principal: El abordaje de la continuidad de vínculos desde el Modelo Tidal favorece la adaptación al duelo centrado en la persona y su historia al afianzar la reconstrucción de significados que mejoren la calidad de vida por medio del cuidado enfocado en las necesidades actuales. (AU)

The objective is to analyze how the Tidal Model favors the reconstruction of meanings in grief as a continuing bond. Results: Grief is a complex process that has natural and constructed components. Sometimes, bereaved people validate the continuing bonds with the deceased person through the organization of self-narratives. The management of this phenomenon is interdisciplinary, where Mental Health Nursing stands out, guided by the Tidal Model, which is based on personal history for the reconstruction of meanings after the death of a loved one, favoring their adaptation through care. Conclusions: The approach to the continuing bonds from the Tidal Model favors adaptation to grief centered on the person and their history by strengthening the reconstruction of meanings that improve quality of life through care focused on the needs of the current experience. (AU)

Manifestaciones de la violencia en el noviazgo en personas estudiantes universitarias: una revisión integrativa / Manifestations of dating violence among college students: an integrative review

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar las manifestaciones de la violencia en el noviazgo en personas estudiantes universitarias. Metodología: Correspondió a una revisión integrativa que surgió desde la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿cuáles son las manifestaciones que presenta una persona estudiante universitaria que sufre de violencia en el noviazgo? Se estableció una estrategia de búsqueda realizada durante el primer semestre del año 2020 en bases de datos, como EBSCO, Science direct, ProQuest, Lilacs, CUHSO Cultura Hombre Sociedad, también, en el portal de revistas Scielo en inglés y español. Se incluyeron estudios de cortes cuantitativos y cualitativos que utilizaran poblaciones de estudiantes de universidad entre los 18 a 26 años. Los criterios de exclusión de los artículos fueron no contar con criterios de accesibilidad y que el texto no estuviera completo. Finalmente se encontraron 51 artículos, siendo excluidos 42 y utilizados en el análisis 9. Los documentos fueron analizados utilizando el método de comparación constante. Resultados: Las manifestaciones de la violencia en el noviazgo son complejas, por lo que existen múltiples formas en que se presentan desde aspectos psicológicos como el comportamiento, la actitud, las emociones y el autoconcepto, así como los sociales, físicos, sexuales y académicos. Conclusión: Las manifestaciones de la violencia en el noviazgo se pueden presentar de diversas maneras y pueden ser detectadas por profesionales de enfermería en las personas involucradas, desde diferentes dimensiones.

ABSTRACT Aim: Identify the manifestations of dating violence in university students. Methods: It consisted of an integrative review that arose from the research question: What are the manifestations presented by university students that suffer from dating violence? The research strategy was carried out during the first semester of 2020 using databases such as EBSCO, Science direct, ProQuest, Lilacs, CUHSO, and the scientific journal Scielo; the reviewed literature included qualitative and quantitative studies in either English or Spanish that studied university students between 18 and 26 years old. The exclusion criteria to not consider other articles were the lack of accessibility criteria or incompleteness of the texts. Finally, 51 articles were found; 42 of them were excluded, and the remaining 9 were included in the final analysis. The documents were analyzed using a constant comparison method. Results: The manifestations of dating violence are complex since there are several ways in which they can manifest: from psychological aspects (such as behavior, attitude, emotions, and self concept), to social, physical, sexual, and academic aspects. Conclusion: The manifestations of dating violence are diverse and can be detected by nursing professionals in the various dimensions of the individuals involved in this phenomenon.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar as manifestações da violência por parceiro íntimo em universitários. Metodologia: correspondeu a uma revisão integrativa que surgiu a partir da questão de pesquisa: Quais são as manifestações apresentadas por um estudante universitário que sofre violência por parceiro íntimo? Uma estratégia de busca foi estabelecida durante o primeiro semestre de 2020 nas bases de dados: EBSCO, Science direct, ProQuest, Lilacs, CUHSO Cultura Hombre Sociedad e também no portal de periódicos Scielo, incluindo estudos quantitativos e qualitativos em inglês e espanhol que utilizaram populações de estudantes universitários entre 18 e 26 anos de idade. Os critérios de exclusão dos artigos foram não ter critérios de acessibilidade e que o texto não estivesse completo. Foram encontrados 51 artigos, sendo 42 excluídos e utilizados na análise 9. Os documentos foram analisados pelo método de comparação constante. Resultados: As manifestações da violência por parceiro íntimo são complexas, portanto, são múltiplas as formas pelas quais aparecem desde aspectos psicológicos como comportamento, atitude, emoções e autoconceito, quanto social, físico, sexual e acadêmico. Conclusão: As manifestações são diversas e podem ser detectadas pelos profissionais de enfermagem nas diferentes dimensões das pessoas envolvidas.

Manifestaciones de la violencia en el noviazgo en personas estudiantes universitarias: una revisión integrativa

Objetivo: Identificar las manifestaciones de la violencia en el noviazgo en personas estudiantes universitarias. Metodología: Correspondió a una revisión integrativa que surgió desde la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿cuáles son las manifestaciones que presenta una persona estudiante universitaria que sufre de violencia en el noviazgo? Se estableció una estrategia de búsqueda realizada durante el primer semestre del año 2020 en bases de datos, como EBSCO, Science direct, ProQuest, Lilacs, CUHSO Cultura Hombre Sociedad, también, en el portal de revistas Scielo en inglés y español. Se incluyeron estudios de cortes cuantitativos y cualitativos que utilizaran poblaciones de estudiantes de universidad entre los 18 a 26 años. Los criterios de exclusión de los artículos fueron no contar con criterios de accesibilidad y que el texto no estuviera completo. Finalmente se encontraron 51 artículos, siendo excluidos 42 y utilizados en el análisis 9. Los documentos fueron analizados utilizando el método de comparación constante. Resultados: Las manifestaciones de la violencia en el noviazgo son complejas, por lo que existen múltiples formas en que se presentan desde aspectos psicológicos como el comportamiento, la actitud, las emociones y el autoconcepto, así como los sociales, físicos, sexuales y académicos. Conclusión: Las manifestaciones de la violencia en el noviazgo se pueden presentar de diversas maneras y pueden ser detectadas por profesionales de enfermería en las personas involucradas, desde diferentes dimensiones.

Aim: Identify the manifestations of dating violence in university students. Methods: It consisted of an integrative review that arose from the research question: What are the manifestations presented by university students that suffer from dating violence? The research strategy was carried out during the first semester of 2020 using databases such as EBSCO, Science direct, ProQuest, Lilacs, CUHSO, and the scientific journal Scielo; the reviewed literature included qualitative and quantitative studies in either English or Spanish that studied university students between 18 and 26 years old. The exclusion criteria to not consider other articles were the lack of accessibility criteria or incompleteness of the texts. Finally, 51 articles were found; 42 of them were excluded, and the remaining 9 were included in the final analysis. The documents were analyzed using a constant comparison method. Results: The manifestations of dating violence are complex since there are several ways in which they can manifest: from psychological aspects (such as behavior, attitude, emotions, and self concept), to social, physical, sexual, and academic aspects. Conclusion: The manifestations of dating violence are diverse and can be detected by nursing professionals in the various dimensions of the individuals involved in this phenomenon.

Objetivo: Identificar as manifestações da violência por parceiro íntimo em universitários. Metodologia: correspondeu a uma revisão integrativa que surgiu a partir da questão de pesquisa: Quais são as manifestações apresentadas por um estudante universitário que sofre violência por parceiro íntimo? Uma estratégia de busca foi estabelecida durante o primeiro semestre de 2020 nas bases de dados: EBSCO, Science direct, ProQuest, Lilacs, CUHSO Cultura Hombre Sociedad e também no portal de periódicos Scielo, incluindo estudos quantitativos e qualitativos em inglês e espanhol que utilizaram populações de estudantes universitários entre 18 e 26 anos de idade. Os critérios de exclusão dos artigos foram não ter critérios de acessibilidade e que o texto não estivesse completo. Foram encontrados 51 artigos, sendo 42 excluídos e utilizados na análise 9. Os documentos foram analisados pelo método de comparação constante. Resultados: As manifestações da violência por parceiro íntimo são complexas, portanto, são múltiplas as formas pelas quais aparecem desde aspectos psicológicos como comportamento, atitude, emoções e autoconceito, quanto social, físico, sexual e acadêmico. Conclusão: As manifestações são diversas e podem ser detectadas pelos profissionais de enfermagem nas diferentes dimensões das pessoas envolvidas.

Red Flags of Dating Violence Among College Students: From the Perspective of Campus Service Providers in Costa Rica Señales de alerta de la violencia en el noviazgo entre estudiantes universitarios: Desde la perspectiva de los proveedores de servicios estudiantiles en Costa Rica.

Dating violence has negative consequences on the well-being of college students. Thus, it is imperative that providers of student-oriented services can detect and respond to dating violence. Although many universities worldwide have implemented dating violence screenings protocols, they are not yet common practice in Costa Rica. As a result, there is inadequate recognition of this problem, so it remains unaddressed. Therefore, this qualitative descriptive study explored the perceptions of professionals working in student-oriented services in Costa Rica about dating violence warning signs exhibited by college students. 29 providers from four public universities were interviewed, and three main areas were identified from a content analysis: the process that providers follow to identify dating violence, the visible signs that victims display, and the self-protective strategies that victims employ to hide their abuse. These findings are important for researchers and practitioners wanting to improve dating violence screening instruments for the Central American context. Resumen La violencia en el noviazgo tiene consecuencias negativas en el bienestar de los estudiantes universitarios. Por lo tanto, es determinante que los proveedores de servicios orientados a los estudiantes universitarios puedan detectar y responder a la violencia en el noviazgo. Aunque muchas universidades en todo el mundo han implementado protocolos de detección de violencia en el noviazgo, aunque aún no es una práctica común en Costa Rica. Como resultado, el reconocimiento de este problema es insuficiente y sigue sin abordarse. Por lo tanto, este estudio descriptivo cualitativo exploró las percepciones de los profesionales que trabajan en servicios orientados a los estudiantes universitarios en Costa Rica sobre las señales de alerta de violencia en el noviazgo manifestadas exhibidas por los estudiantes universitarios. Se entrevistó a 29 proveedores de cuatro universidades públicas. A partir de un análisis de contenido se identificaron tres temas principales: el proceso que los proveedores siguen para identificar la violencia en el noviazgo, los signos visibles que muestran las víctimas y las estrategias de autoprotección que las víctimas emplean para ocultar su abuso. Estos hallazgos son importantes para los investigadores y profesionales que desean mejorar los mecanismos de detección temprana de la violencia en el noviazgo para el contexto universitario.

Relação entre a depressão e o apoio social percebido nos estudantes de enfermagem no contexto de comportamentos suicidas / The relation between depression and perceived social support in nursing students in the context of suicidal behaviors / Relación depresión y apoyo social percibido en estudiantes de enfermería en el contexto de conductas suicidas

RESUMO Objetivo determinar a relação entre a depressão e o apoio social percebido nos estudantes de enfermagem no contexto de comportamentos suicidas. Método análise secundária de dados de um estudo anterior. Amostra do censo dos estudantes de enfermagem na Costa Rica. Coleta de dados realizada por LimeSurvey during 2020 por meio de questionário autoadministrado composto por seção de dados sociodemográficos, inventário de depressão Beck-II e escala multidimensional de apoio social percebido. Foram utilizadas a análise descritiva e a correlação de Pearson. Resultados A maioria era do sexo feminino (79,5%), com idade média de 22,15 anos; 85,8% referiram depressão ligeira a mínima; 92,2% referiram elevado apoio social percebido. Foi identificada correlação inversa significativa entre o nível de depressão e a percepção do apoio social (r=-0,44, p<0,01). Conclusão Amplia-se a compreensão acerca das condições de saúde mental por parte da ciência da enfermagem para que se possa melhorar as práticas de cuidados em um grupo específico.

ABSTRACT Objective to determine the relationship between depression and perceived social support in nursing students in the context of suicidal behaviors. Method secondary analysis of data from a previous study. Sample from the census of nursing students in Costa Rica. Data collection performed by LimeSurvey during 2020 by means of self-administered questionnaire composed of sociodemographic data section, Beck-II depression inventory and multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation were used. Results The majority were female (79.5%), with a mean age of 22.15 years; 85.8% reported mild to minimal depression; 92.2% reported high perceived social support. A significant inverse correlation was identified between level of depression and perceived social support (r=-0.44, p<0.01). Conclusion The understanding about mental health conditions by nursing science is broadened to improve care practices in a specific group.

RESUMEN Objetivo determinar la relación entre depresión y apoyo social percibido en estudiantes de enfermería en el contexto de las conductas suicidas. Método análisis secundario de datos de un estudio previo. Muestra censal en estudiantes de enfermería de Costa Rica. Recolección de datos realizada por LimeSurvey durante el 2020con una encuesta autoadministrada compuesta de sección de datos sociodemográficos, inventario de depresión de Beck-II y escala multidimensional de apoyo social percibido. Se utilizó análisis descriptivo y correlación de Pearson. Resultados la mayoría era del género femenino (79,5%), con un promedio de 22,15 años. El 85,8% manifestó un nivel mínimo-leve de depresión, el 92,2% evidenció un apoyo social percibido alto. Se identificó una correlación inversa significativa entre nivel de depresión y apoyo social percibido (r=-0.44, p<0.01). Conclusión se amplía la comprensión de condiciones de salud mental desde la ciencia de enfermería que podría mejorar las prácticas de cuidado en un grupo específico.

International networking guidelines for nurses.

ABSTRACT: Basic guidelines are necessary for international networking in nursing. This article outlines the benefits of and strategies for networking, highlights the social and behavioral considerations of social networking, and presents potential guidelines for further discourse.

Efecto de un programa de reacondicionamiento físico sobre la movilidad y fuerza muscular en personas adultas mayores con enfermedad pulmonar crónica / Effects of a Physical Conditioning Program on the Mobility and Muscle Strength of Older Adults with Chronic Lung Disease

Resumen Los problemas respiratorios son una de las principales causas de morbilidad en las personas adultas mayores. Las enfermedades pulmonares crónicas afectan la capacidad ventilatoria y limitan la habilidad física de los pacientes, lo que tiene consecuencias negativas para la calidad de vida. Por esta razón, los programas de rehabilitación pulmonar intentan reacondicionar la capacidad física y así mejorar el bienestar de esa población. El estudio tiene por objetivo determinar el efecto de un programa de reacondicionamiento físico en personas adultas mayores con enfermedad pulmonar crónica sobre la movilidad y la fuerza muscular, para lo cual se realizó un análisis retrospectivo del efecto de un plan de ejercicio físico en la movilidad y fuerza muscular de 53 personas adultas con enfermedad pulmonar crónica. Se recolectaron datos en el Hospital Nacional de Geriatría y Gerontología, de personas que participaron en dicho plan entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2017. Este tiene una duración de 16 semanas; se compone de evaluaciones y trabajo específico aeróbico, contra resistencia, funcional, más fisioterapia respiratoria. La información fue examinada utilizando pruebas pareadas de t-student, lo que permitió comprobar que hubo mejoras estadísticamente significativas en la fuerza muscular (p < 0.001) y la movilidad (p < 0.001) de los sujetos, luego de participar en el programa de reacondicionamiento. Se concluye que la prescripción efectiva de ejercicio para las personas adultas mayores con enfermedad pulmonar crónica incluye la planificación de trabajo aeróbico, contrarresistencia, actividad funcional, fisioterapia respiratoria, lo que impactaría positivamente su movilidad y fuerza muscular.

Abstract Respiratory problems are one of the major causes of morbidity in older adults. Chronic lung diseases affect the ventilatory capacity, limiting patients' physical ability, which negatively affects their quality of life. Thus, pulmonary rehabilitation programs try to recondition patients' physical capacity; as a result, their well-being improves. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a physical reconditioning program in older people with chronic lung disease; for this, a retrospective analysis of the effect of a physical exercise plan was conducted. The variables included in the study were mobility and muscle strength. Data were collected in the National Hospital of Geriatrics and Gerontology from 53 participants who attended the program between January 2012 and December 2017. This program lasts 16 weeks and comprises assessments and specific work sessions on aerobic resistance, strength, functional exercise, and respiratory physiotherapy. Results from paired t-student tests showed that there was a statistically significant improvement in muscular strength (p < 0.001) and mobility (p < 0.001) of the subjects after participating in the physical reconditioning program. It is concluded that the effective prescription of exercise for the elderly with chronic lung disease should include work on aerobic resistance, strength, functional exercise, and respiratory physiotherapy, which would positively affect agility, balance, strength, and muscular endurance.

Resumo Problemas respiratórios são uma das principais causas de morbidade em pessoas idosas. As doenças pulmonares crônicas afetam a capacidade ventilatória, limitando a capacidade física 2 pacientes, o que traz consequências negativas para a qualidade de vida. Por isso, os programas de reabilitação pulmonar buscam recondicionar a capacidade física e, assim, melhorar o bem-estar dessa população. O objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar o efeito de um programa de recondicionamento físico em pessoas idosas com doença pulmonar crônica na mobilidade e na força muscular. Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva do efeito de um programa de exercícios físicos na mobilidade e força muscular em 53 adultos com doença pulmonar crônica. Os dados foram coletados no Hospital Nacional de Geriatria y Gerontologia, de pessoas que participaram do programa entre janeiro de 2012 e dezembro de 2017. O programa tem duração de 16 semanas, e consiste em avaliações, além de trabalhos específicos de aeróbica, de resistência, funcionais e fisioterapia respiratória. Os dados foram analisados por meio de testes t-student pareados, o que permitiu verificar que houve melhora estatisticamente significativa na força muscular (p < 0,001) e mobilidade (p < 0,001) 2 sujeitos após a participação no programa de recondicionamento. Conclui-se que a prescrição efetiva de exercícios para pessoas idosas com doença pulmonar crônica inclui a programação do trabalho aeróbico, contra resistência, trabalho funcional, fisioterapia respiratória, o que impactaria positivamente na mobilidade e na força muscular.

Efecto de la rehabilitación pulmonar sobre la función respiratoria y la capacidad de ejercicio en personas con enfermedad pulmonar crónica / Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on respiratory function and exercise capacity in people with chronic lung disease

Resumen Justificación y objetivo: Los problemas pulmonares crónicos son una de las principales causas de discapacidad en las personas adultas mayores. Estas enfermedades afectan negativamente la calidad de vida y la capacidad funcional de las personas, debido a la interacción entre el proceso normal de envejecimiento y la fisiopatología. Sin embargo, los programas de rehabilitación pulmonar parecen ser una opción terapéutica efectiva para tratar esta problemática. A pesar de esto, en Costa Rica no es una posibilidad disponible en todos los centros de salud y existe limitada evidencia sobre su efectividad. Este estudio intenta identificar el efecto de un programa de rehabilitación pulmonar sobre la función respiratoria y la capacidad de ejercicio de personas adultas mayores con enfermedad pulmonar crónica. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo del efecto de un programa de ejercicio físico sobre la función respiratoria y la capacidad de ejercicio en 53 personas adultas con enfermedad pulmonar crónica. Los datos fueron recolectados en el Hospital Nacional de Geriatría y Gerontología-Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, de personas que participaron en el programa entre enero 2012 y diciembre 2017. Resultados: Hubo mejoras estadísticamente significativas en la función respiratoria (p<0,001) y la capacidad de ejercicio (p<0,001) de los sujetos, luego de participar en el programa. Conclusión: El programa de rehabilitación pulmonar mejoró la función respiratoria y la capacidad de ejercicio.

Abstract Background and aim: Chronic lung problems are one of the main causes of disability in older adults. These diseases negatively affect the quality of life and functional capacity of these people, due to the interaction between the normal aging process and the pathophysiology. However, pulmonary reconditioning programs seem to be an effective therapeutic alternative to treat this problem. Despite this, in Costa Rica it is not an option available in all health centers and there is limited evidence on its effectiveness. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on the respiratory function and aerobic capacity of exercise among older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: For which a retrospective analysis of the effect of a physical exercise program on ventilatory function and aerobic capacity of exercise in 53 adults with chronic lung disease wasperformed. Data were collected at the National Hospital of Geriatrics and Gerontology - Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, of people who participated in the program between January 2012 and December 2017. Results: It was determined that there were statistically significant improvements in respiratory function (p <0.001) and capacity of exercise (p <0.001) of the subjects after participating in the program. Conclusion: The pulmonary rehabilitation program improved respiratory function and exercise capacity.

Comparing Two Alcohol Screening Measures on Rates of Risky Alcohol Use in a University Health Clinic.

College drinking is a serious health concern. Few studies have examined screening measures and methods of administration. This study compares two alcohol screens (NIAAA 5/4 binge drinking question or Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)) in a college student health clinic waiting room and two modes of administration (self-administered either on a computer kiosk or on a tablet computer). Participants were 259 undergraduates from the University of Miami. Most (78-98%) students completed screening. More students were identified with risky alcohol use with the 5/4 (49%) than AUDIT (14%). On the 5/4, administration method was not linked to completion, 93% kiosk vs. 95% tablet, p = .554, but was related to identification as a risky alcohol user, 42% kiosk vs. 56% tablet, p = .033. On the AUDIT, administration method was significantly related to completion, 73% kiosk vs. 98% tablet, p < .001, and identification, 8% kiosk vs. 23% tablet, p = .003. Method of administration of the single item 5/4 binge drinking question was related to the a higher proportion of students identified with risky alcohol use when screened by a computer tablet, but not completion rates; the AUDIT method of administration was related to both completion and identification rates (higher rates with the tablet in both cases). Education of student health providers who make decisions about what screening tools to use in their centers and who interpret the results of alcohol screening in college health centers should consider the potential influence of administration method. Future research should examine the reasons that method of administration might influence screening results.

El cuidado como un proceso de interacción y anticipación humana / Care is a process of human interaction and anticipation

OBJETIVO: reescribir los significados asociados al cuidado sustentado en interacción humana y prevención de alteraciones de la salud. METODOLOGÍA: metasíntesis generada a partir de la búsqueda en diversas bases de datos, durante el periodo 1970 a 2015. La información fue procesada a través del Atlas ti 8.0. RESULTADOS: Se identificó 888 documentos, quedando una muestra de 62. Surgieron 39 códigos, 7 categorías y 2 variables: interacción y anticipación. En la interacción la visión de cuidado es fundamental para establecer una conexión con las personas. Anticiparse implica establecer estrategias en conjunto con las personas para reducir las alteraciones de la salud de índole física y emocional. CONCLUSIÓN: se reconoce la interacción y la anticipación como variables claves del cuidado desde una visión transformadora y humanista

AIM: to rewrite the meanings associated with care in human interaction and prevention of health alterations. METHODS: metasynthesis generated from the search in the databases, in the period 1970 to 2015. The data were processed using Atlas-ti 8.0. RESULTS: 888 documents were identified, leaving a sample of 62; 39 codes, 7 categories and 2 variables: interaction and anticipation. In the interaction, the vision of care is fundamental to establish a connection with the persons. Anticipating involves establishing strategies in conjunction with the persons for reduce health alterations of a physical and emotional. CONCLUSION: interaction and anticipation are recognized as key variables of care from a transformative and humanistic vision

Reviving Human Research in Costa Rica.

Costa Rica is a small developing nation in Central America with a well-regarded universal health care system and a strong human rights tradition. In the latter part of the twentieth century, it became a popular site for clinical trials funded by multinational pharmaceutical companies. In light of concerns about ineffective oversight and alleged research abuses, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court passed a moratorium on all biomedical studies involving humans. This moratorium was in place between 2010 and 2014, when the Legislative Assembly passed a new national law to protect participants' rights and welfare. This case study reviews the history of human research protections in Costa Rica and provides recommendations for how Costa Rica can move forward responsibly as a leader in human research for the region.

Health education needs of intimate partner violence survivors: Perspectives from female survivors and social service providers.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the health education needs and learning preferences of female intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors in a social service agency located in South Florida, United States. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: An exploratory two-phase sequential mixed-methods study was completed through semistructured interviews with social service providers (n = 10), followed by a survey with predominately female IPV survivors (n = 122, 98.4%). MEASURES: Data obtained from interviews with social service providers were analyzed through conventional thematic content analysis. Data from interviews were used in developing a health survey completed by IPV survivors and analyzed utilizing descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and t tests. RESULTS: Three themes emerged from interviews including multidimensional health needs, navigating barriers to health care, and self-improvement specific to survivors of intimate partner violence. Survey results indicated that depression and self-esteem were the health education needs of highest priority. Demographic characteristics, including age and language use, were significantly associated to preferred methods of learning, p < .05. CONCLUSIONS: IPV survivors present with various health education needs. Current study findings can inform public health nurses in developing interventions or health-based programs for female IPV survivors in social service agency settings.

Translation and psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the College Alcohol Problems Scale.

Hispanic and Spanish-speaking college students are under-represented in alcohol intervention and prevention research. There is a need for brief, empirically validated Spanish versions of measures related to alcohol use and consequences. The objective of this study was to translate the 8-item College Alcohol Problems Scale (CAPS) into Spanish and evaluate the psychometric properties of this measure compared to the original English. Bilingual experts in interventions for Hispanic college students and youth used a translation back-translation process. 125 Hispanic undergraduate students from a large southeastern public university completed the CAPS and a heavy drinking measure in Spanish. The two-factor model had acceptable model fit in Spanish, χ2 (df=19)=27.60, p=0.091; CFI=0.966 RMSEA=0.060. Internal consistency of the personal problems subscale was 0.76, and the social problems subscale was 0.73. The two latent factors explained 24-66% of variability in items. Personal problems and social problems were both significantly correlated with heavy drinking, r=0.61, p<0.001, r=0.59, p<0.001, respectively. This Spanish version of the CAPS is a reliable and valid measure of consequences of alcohol use, and has similar psychometric properties to the original English version. This measure may be useful for future research, intervention, and prevention with samples of U.S. Hispanic college students or Spanish-speaking students in other nations.

Factores que inciden en la calidad de vida de las personas adultas mayores / Factors affecting the quality of life of older people

Resumen:Introducción:El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados del proyecto de investigación N°.421-B1-234 de la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad de Costa Rica, Práctica de enfermería basada en la evidencia para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas adultas mayores,el cual pertenece al proyecto N°. 421-B1-910 Programa para la Colaboración para la Investigación de Enfermería Basada en la Evidencia de Costa Rica. En este escrito se presenta una revisión teórica de los trabajos más importantes respecto de dicha temática, con el objetivo de aclarar qué factores y variables son los que inciden en tener una mayor calidad de vida en la actualidad en las personas adultas mayores.Método:La metodología utilizada es la que se recomienda para desarrollar la práctica clínica basada en la evidencia con sus respectivas etapas. En cuanto a los documentos, inicialmente se recuperó un total de 504 de diferentes bases de datos incluyendo PUBMED, EBSCO, LILACS, CINAHL, y COCHRANE, de los cuales únicamente 30 fueron retenidos ya que incluían revisiones de literatura, estudios primarios, y marcos conceptuales relevantes para la pregunta clínica. Finalmente, por su contenido, seis se emplearon para el análisis y la lectura crítica por su estructura metodológica, y calidad, dado que fundamentan indirectamente la respuesta a la pregunta clínica que guió el presente estudio.Resultados:Se evidencia que la musicoterapia puede tener un efecto positivo en la calidad de vida de las personas adultas mayores, la cual puede ser influida por factores individuales, sociales, culturales, y ambientales, el uso de dispositivos electrónicos, la conectividad social, la respuesta adaptativa y la interacción positiva con otras personas. Por último, las implicaciones para la investigación, práctica de enfermería, política, y conocimiento enfermero son discutidos de manera detallada.Conclusión:Existe necesidad de desarrollar más estudios sobre los factores que intervienen en la calidad de vida de las personas adultas mayores, a través del metaanálisis o de revisiones sistemáticas, que permitirían corregir el vacío de información en este campo.

Abstract:Introduction:The aim of this article is to present the results of the research project N°. 421-B1-234 School of Nursing at the University of Costa Rica, known as Evidence-based nursing practice to improve the quality of life of the elderly, which belongs to the project N°. 421-B 1-910 Program for Collaborative Evidence-Based Nursing Research of Costa Rica. This research is presented as a theoretical review of the most important studies in relation to this issue, in order to clarify what type of factors and variables influence the quality of life in the elderly.Method:The methodology used is the one recommended to develop clinical practice based on evidence with their respective stages. A total of 504 papers were initially retrieved from different databases, including PubMed, EBSCO, LILACS, CINAHL, and COCHRANE. Of these documents, only 30 were retained since they included literature reviews, primary studies, and conceptual frameworks relevant to the clinical question. Finally, six of these documents were retained for the analysis and critical reading due to its content,_methodological structure, and quality, which indirectly answer the clinical question that guided this study.Result:Findings show that music therapy can have a positive effect on the quality of life of older people. Also, quality of life may also be positively influenced by individual, social, cultural, and environmental factors, such as use of electronic devices, social connectivity, adaptive response, and positive interaction with others. Implications for nursing research, practice, policy, and knowledge are discussed in detail.Conclusión:There is need for further studies on the factors involved in the quality of life of older people through the meta-analysis or systematic reviews, which allow to correct the information gap in this field.

Changing attitudes and perceptions of Hispanic men ages 18 to 25 about rape and rape prevention.

This exploratory study was designed to test the effectiveness of Foubert's intervention, The Men's Program, on a sample of 18- to 25-year-old Hispanic men who are not enrolled at a University or College. We explored participants' perceptions of, reactions to, and experience of the program. The information collected will be used to adapt the program to this specific population in order to increase cultural relevancy and specificity and create lasting attitudinal change. Three groups of six-eight Hispanic males (n = 22) were exposed to the intervention program. The Bystander Attitude Scale and the Rape Attitude and Beliefs Scale were administered as pre- and post-test measures. A short focus group was conducted to ask the men about their experience of the intervention. Analysis showed a significant increase in participants' willingness to intervene (p = 0.005) along with a decrease in rape myth acceptance in four of the five subscales (Justice p = 0.03; Status p = 0.004; Tactics p = 0.04; and Gender p = 0.002) after exposure to the intervention. Analysis of focus group material yielded several interesting themes about knowledge of rape, family and culture, perceptions of women, and the program material. This study showed promising change in attitudes about rape beliefs and bystander behaviors in Hispanic males exposed to an educational intervention. Through the information obtained, a cultural adaption from the analysis of the focus group data will be implemented during Phase 2 of the study. The adapted intervention will be tested before, after, and 1- and 3-months post-intervention to test whether the change in attitudes and behaviors are sustainable over time.

Optimizing the US-AUDIT for Alcohol Screening in U.S. College Students.

This study examined cutoff scores on the new (2014) US-AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), adapted for U.S. standard drinks. No studies have examined optimal cutoff scores on the US-AUDIT for college students. 250 undergraduates (65% men) completed the US-AUDIT. At-risk drinkers reported at least four binge drinking episodes per week. Likely alcohol use disorder was assessed with a self-report diagnostic measure. Using the Youden method, the ideal cutoff to identify at-risk drinkers for the US-AUDIT was 5 for men (sensitivity = .93, specificity = .96) and 6 for women (sensitivity = .77, specificity = .86); and to identify likely alcohol use disorder was 13 for men (sensitivity = .69, specificity = .81) and 8 for women (sensitivity = .83, specificity = .80). Cutoffs were lower than the original AUDIT. Different US-AUDIT cutoffs for men and women should be used for likely alcohol use disorder, which may reflect differences in drinking quantity and frequency. Empirical guidelines for alcohol screening with the new US-AUDIT may be used to enhance research or identification of at-risk drinkers in college settings, or for college students in primary care or other health care settings.